False. Seven processes arise from each vertebra. Each vertebra has a large hole (vertebral foramen) for the spinal cord to pass through. Structural support for the body, allowing us to stand upright. Scoliosis, an abnormal curvature of the spine. [1] Its proximal vertebral segment articulates with the sacrum via a fibrocartilaginous joint; however, the fusion of the sacrum and coccyx has been a feature in many cases, with prevalence differing by age and sex. 5. [1] However, the term atlas was first used by the ancient Romans for. Inner and middle ear. Like vertebroplasty, kyphoplasty injects special cement into your vertebrae — with the additional step of creating space for the treatment with a balloon. The ribs are classified as true. Secondary ossification centers in the superior and inferior surfaces of the vertebral body contribute to the development of the growth plate. Furthermore, it prevents further bone collapse by protecting the vertebra. C1 fractures: a review of diagnoses, management. The C4 vertebra is located in the neck region of the spinal column, just above the thoracic vertebrae. First, the vertebral body is absent, allowing the ring-shaped C1 to accommodate the spinal cord as it exits the foramen magnum. These basic characteristics vary depending on the function of each individual vertebra. Tweet. The vertebra is literally pulled apart (distraction). e. Your surgeon will gently push away the muscles of your back with a special tool. Athletes involved in impact sports, or participating in sports such as skiing, diving, football, cycling that have a risk of falling or "snapping" the neck are all linked to neck fractures. The L5 vertebra is located in the spinal column of the lumbar (lower back) region inferior to the L4 vertebra and superior to the sacrum. T1 connects to the first rib with costovertebral joints. 1007/s11548-017-1575-8. It is formed by the 12 thoracic vertebrae, 12 pairs of ribs and associated costal cartilages and the sternum . Availability. The T2 vertebra has faceted sides that allow the vertebra to press up against the ribs. Typically, spine surgeons recommend multilevel spinal fusion when 1 Smorgick Y, Park DK. The vertebral column, also known as the spinal column, is a flexible column that encloses the spinal cord and also supports the head. The atlas (C1 vertebra) differs from the other cervical vertebrae in that it does not have a body, but instead consists of bony ring formed by the anterior and posterior arches. The atlas has correspondingly shaped condyles for articulation with the occiput. The vertebra initially responds to increased physical strain of such activity by gradually adding new bone cells around the stressed area of the spine. Blunt force or extreme pressure may cause the bone to fracture. Reload page. The C1 vertebra (also known as the atlas) is the uppermost vertebra of the spinal column. To the human eye, this is the curve just above the buttocks, which is also commonly referred to as the small of the. The C2 vertebra is the axis which the C1 vertebra pivots around and lets us move our skulls from side to side in a horizontal motion. The arch is formed by the paired pedicles and paired laminae. The cylindrical body of the vertebra is a stacking agent; in other words, the spinal column is made up of the 24 vertebrae, which are stacked one on top of the other. ] Any of the 33 bony segments of the spinal column: 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 4 coccygeal vertebrae. A coluna vertebral é dividida. The C3 vertebra lies snugly underneath the skin and the other spinal bones and provides a passageway to nerve endings that irrigate the face, teeth, and ears. Vertebral tumors can cause different signs and symptoms, especially as tumors grow. The L5-S1 disc at the bottom of the spine lies between the L5 vertebra and the first bony segment at the top of the sacrum, which is sacral segment 1 (or S1). The T6 vertebra is the sixth vertebrae in the thoracic spine, and is located between the shoulder blades. This is due to the inward curve of the cervical spine, and a gentle outward curve in the thoracic region. Cervical spinal cord injury. The spinal cord in this region has protection from five durable and mobile vertebrae (L1-L5) that allow for the dispersion of axial forces. Because of this, the vertebral bodies progressively increase in size and thickness going down the vertebral column. Anterior spinal, posterior spinal, posterior inferior cerebellar, meningeal, medullary, basilar arteries. SUMMARY: LSTVs are common within the spine, and their association with low back pain has been debated in the literature for nearly a century. Transitional vertebrae are typically congenital, meaning they are present from birth, and usually do not cause any symptoms. A vertebra consists of a cylindrical body in front and a bony ring in the back. These maintain vertebral alignment, control the range of. The body is divided into trunk and tail regions. Unlike the other parts of the spine, the cervical spine has transverse foramina in each vertebra for the vertebral arteries that supply blood to the brain. Thoracic Spine. Conservative treatment may include rest, anti-inflammatory medications, painkillers, steroid injections and drainage. A typical thoracic vertebra, seen from lateral side. The vertebra is literally pulled apart (distraction). This vertebral column quiz will test you over the anatomy and characteristics of the vertebral column, which is also called the spinal column, backbone, or the spine. Scalp. X-rays will most likely be taken on a monthly basis to monitor the. The function of the sacral vertebrae is to secure the pelvic girdle, the basin-like bone structure connecting the truck and the legs, supporting and balancing the trunk, and containing the intestines, bladder, bowel, and internal sex organs. The spinal cord is a bundle of nervous tissue that runs through the spine, acting as a connecting pathway between the brain and body. The 7 cervical vertebrae are called C1 through C7. There are many types of spinal fusion and. Lumbosacral transitional vertebrae (LSTV) are a relatively common variant and can be seen in ~25% (range 15-35%) of the general population 1-3. The sacrum is a single bone comprised of five separate vertebrae. This helps prevent a fall that could cause more injury. More specifically, they are plane synovial joints between the superior and inferior articular processes on adjoining vertebrae. 1/8. The. The cervical spine is mainly involved in supporting the weight of the head. LSTVs include sacralization of the lowest lumbar vertebral body and lumbarization of the uppermost sacral segment. C) short bone. The sacrum is an irregularly shaped bone, made up of a group of five fused vertebrae in the area of what is commonly known as the base of the spine. 'Vertebrae' is the plural form of the word. Unlike the other cervical vertebrae, the C7 has a large spinous process that protrudes posteriorly toward the skin at the back of the neck. They have large, kidney-shaped vertebral bodies, triangular vertebral foramen, and short spinous processes. This robust bone can endure a lot of pressure and motion. The bones in the skull are crushed against each other, resulting in crush fractures. For minimally invasive spinal fusion, you’ll be given medicine (general anesthesia) to put you asleep. Klippel–Feil syndrome (KFS), also known as cervical vertebral fusion syndrome, is a rare congenital condition characterized by the abnormal fusion of any two of the seven bones in the neck (cervical vertebrae). T1’s spinous process projects at a more downward angle and may not be as prominent. The disc and vertebra above and below the disc comprise one segment of the spine - usually called a spinal level or spinal segment. vertebra (ver'te-bra) plural. Vertebrae are the 33 individual, interlocking bones that form your spinal column. Lumbarization of S1 or lumbarization of first sacral vertebra is a condition in which the first sacral vertebra is not completely attached to its fused sacral components but instead this first sacral vertebra appears like the other lumbar vertebrae. This type of fracture is typically caused by a fall or a direct blow to the spine, and can lead to severe pain and disability. This ligament attaches superiorly to the occipital bone, anterior to the foramen magnum, and to the anterior tubercle of vertebra C1 (). Amphicoelias ( / ˌæmfɪˈsiːliəs /, meaning "biconcave", from the Greek ἀμφί, amphi: "on both sides", and κοῖλος, koilos: "hollow, concave") is a genus of herbivorous sauropod dinosaur that lived approximately 150 million years ago during the Tithonian ( Late Jurassic Period) of what is now Colorado, United States. A compression fracture of the thoracic spine (T12) can be a debilitating injury that may cause a significant amount of pain. This helps each. Non-rib bearing lumbar vertebral bodies are the five vertebrae that form the lower area of the spine. The spinal nerves are the body’s major nerves within the peripheral nervous system (PNS). With this small piece of the spinal canal wall removed, there is more room for the spinal cord. Spinal fusion is a surgery procedure that reinforces your back structure and stability by linking two vertebrae together. One lumbar vertebra that may be considered atypical. The cement hardens within minutes, strengthening and stabilizing the fractured vertebra. D) irregular bone. As compression fractures generally result in a loss of height of the vertebral body, restoring that height is the goal of surgical treatment. A cervical spinal cord injury is an injury to your cervical vertebrae. Burst Fracture occur when the vertebrae are crushed by forces such as a car accident. Gross anatomy. 1 – Thoracic Cage: The thoracic cage is formed by the (a) sternum and (b) 12 pairs of ribs with their costal cartilages. The good news is that there are a number of treatment options available that can help to reduce pain and improve quality of life. Vertebral tumor signs and symptoms may include: Pain at the site of the tumor due to tumor growth. This type of fracture can occur in a head-on car collision when the upper body is thrown forward while the pelvis is stabilized by a lap seat belt. Red A: the joint between the mandible and quadrate. . Cervical disk replacement surgery involves removing a diseased cervical disk and replacing it with an artificial disk. Synonyms: none. The cervical spine has seven stacked bones called vertebrae, labeled. You know, in every skeleton, there are axial and appendicular parts. Rotation Fracture Pattern. Functions of connective tissues include binding, support, insulation, and protection. A foraminotomy is designed to relieve pressure on a nerve root. Frisco, Texas 75033 469-604-9140 Directions Parking Info. The neck is part of a long flexible column, known as the spinal column or backbone, which extends through most of the body. Each vertebra is composed of several parts that act as a whole to surround and protect the spinal cord and nerves, provide structure to the body and enable fluid movement in many planes. The human spine is composed of 33 vertebrae that interlock with each other to form the spinal column. The lumbar spine comprises the lower end of the spinal column between the last thoracic vertebra (T12) and the first sacral vertebra (S1). Most spinal cord injuries are the result of a sudden, traumatic blow to the vertebrae. The atlas articulates with the dens from the axis. The crack may affect only one side, but it is not uncommon to have fractures on. There are three types of compression fractures: Wedge fracture — This fracture usually occurs in the front of the vertebra, collapsing the bone in the front of the spine and leaving the. a visible lump you may feel to the touch. In Greek mythology, Atlas was the titan who held the Earth on his shoulders, just like the atlas holds the skull on top of the neck. This may occur anywhere along the spine, but is most common in the lower back (lumbar spine). Note that there is moulding of the adjacent vertebral bodies. Fractures of lumbar vertebrae occur in the setting of either severe trauma or pathologic weakening of the bone, see image R L4 compression fracture. There are 23 discs in the human spine: 6 in the cervical region (neck), 12 in the thoracic region (middle back), and 5 in the lumbar. [2] The sacrum situates at the upper, back part of the pelvic cavity, between the two wings of the pelvis. This usually results from a combination of bending forward. Cervical Spine. These structures enclose the vertebral foramen, which contains the spinal cord. Nucleoplasty, also called plasma disk decompression. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like The joint between adjacent. Like the C1 vertebra, a C2 vertebra has a greater degree of motion than other vertebrae that are lower on the spinal column. A typical vertebra comprises a vertebral arch as well as a vertebral body. The C6 vertebra is also known as the sixth cervical vertebra. tenderness. Anatomical terms of bone. L5-S1 is composed of the last bone in the low back, called L5, and the triangle-shaped bone beneath, known as the. The T4 vertebra has the smallest diameter moving caudally; the spinal canal diameter from T3-T11 remains relatively stable at 15 mm. The extent and type of sacralization varies widely from person to. The following three vertebrae, C4, C5, and C6 have speech functions as they pass sound through the larynx and vocal cords which allow sound production. Disks between the vertebrae work like cushions to allow the vertebrae to rotate and move without the bones rubbing against each other. T1 connects to the first rib with costovertebral joints. Back pain, often radiating to other parts of your. This procedure can be performed at any level in the spine (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, or sacral) and prevents any movement between the fused vertebrae. You will also find costal fovea at the caudoventral aspect of the body of the seventh cervical vertebra of the dog. Prior to taking this quiz, you might want to review our vertebral column anatomy notes, or watch. First are the vertebrae of the spine, and underneath those are three layers of tough membrane called the meninges. This online quiz is called vertebrae anatomy. vertebrae [L. The vertebral bodies stack on top of each other and handle most of the spine’s stresses and loads while being cushioned by the intervertebral discs in between. plural of vertebra specialized. function in muscle anchorage. Ligaments connect bones to bones; tendons connect muscles to bones. Exercises can strengthen the core muscles that support your spine and prevent back injuries and pain. The atlas articulates superiorly with the occipital condyles found on each side of the foramen magnum of the skull. Function. Inhale and bring your shoulders up, then roll them down and back, gently squeezing your shoulder blades together. 23). Subluxation is an essential entity of traumatic subaxial cervical spinal injuries. Arising from the vertebral arch are the transverse, spinous, superior articular, and inferior articular processes. Surgical procedures used to treat. The lumbar vertebrae are, in human anatomy, the five vertebrae between the rib cage and the pelvis. Animals that have a backbone or a spinal column are. The lumbar spine connects with the thoracic spine above at the thoracolumbar junction and the sacral spine below at the lumbosacral joint. Muscle weakness or heaviness in your arms or legs. lateral pterygoid. A vertebrial fracture usually takes three months for the bone to heal. This is typically an unstable fracture. This portion of the spine is also vulnerable to bulging or herniated discs. Compression fractures can often be treated. 23). A spinal fracture is a dislocation or fracture of the vertebrae (backbone) and can occur anywhere along the spine. L3 spinal nerves affect sensation at the front portion of the lower thighs and knees, as well as the ability to straighten the knees (knee extension) and rotate the hip outward (external rotation). When a bone bursts through the skin and the underlying bone, a burst fracture. This condition or weakness can occur in up to 5% of children as young as. Each vertebra has a large hole (vertebral foramen) for the spinal. In this article, we shall look at. Medicines may be given for pain. Our vertebral column is composed of 33 irregular sized bones that are connected to each other by intervertebral discs. The C5-C6 spinal motion segment (located in the lower cervical spine just above the C7 vertebra) provides flexibility and support to much of the neck and the head above. Vertebra L5 is the most common site of spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis. Spondylolysis is a weakness or stress fracture in one of the vertebrae, the small bones that make up the spinal column. A multilevel spinal fusion surgery involves fusing 2 or more motion segments of the spine to become one single unit. Since the brain stem extends through the C1 and C2, it is extremely important to the. C7 has a longer spinous process (bony protrusion), which can be felt in the back of the neck. In rare cases when 3 months of treatments have not reduced the pain, or if a spinal instability threatens the spinal cord or a nerve root, surgery may be indicated. The vertebral column (spine) defines the animal subphylum Vertebra, or vertebrates, of the phylum Chordata. Adult Spondylolisthesis in the Low Back. Fluoroscopic (x-ray) guidance with radiopaque contrast dye is usually used for. The vertebral column is divided into five regions and. Vertebral hemangiomas are observed throughout any age, although most are diagnosed in people within their 50s alongside a higher presence in females with a 1:1. 1. C) short bone. Red B: the joint between the quadrate and the supratemporal. Pig skeleton anatomy. Most experts believe that pain relief is achieved through mechanical support and stability provided by the bone cement. A single bone in your spine is a vertebra — vertebrae is the plural form. Early symptoms of ankylosing spondylitis might include back pain and stiffness in the lower back and hips, especially in the morning and after periods of inactivity. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like. Full recovery may take months. The atlas is the first vertebra of the vertebral column, located in the most superior portion of the cervical region of the vertebral column. Hemivertebra is a type of vertebral anomaly that results from a lack of formation of one half of a vertebral body. In humans, it further transmits body weight in walking and standing. The spinal cord itself is about 45 cm (18 in) in men and 43 cm (17 in) long in women. superior to the sella turcica. The. See The C1-C2 Vertebrae and Spinal Segment. Between each vertebra is a soft, gel-like cushion called a disc that helps absorb pressure and keeps the bones from rubbing against each other. Vertebrates have a skeletal structure with a spinal column or backbone. The point at which superior and articular facets meet is known as a facet, or zygapophyseal, joint. Compared to the cervical and thoracic regions, the lumbar vertebral group has a larger spinal canal diameter, on average, with the. These structures enclose the vertebral foramen, which contains the spinal cord. Function. 1 Waldman SD. Associated Conditions. It was created by member bobbuilder and has 8 questions. Sometimes, the seventh cervical vertebra is associated with an abnormal extra rib, known as a cervical rib, which develops from the anterior root of the transverse process. Most spinal fractures are caused from injury or trauma from car accidents, falls, sports or some sort of high velocity impact. Vertebroplasty is a procedure that involves injecting cement into vertebrae, the bones that make up your spine. The seventh cervical vertebra, also called the vertebra prominens, is commonly considered a unique vertebra and has the most prominent spinous process. The skeleton provides the framework for muscles and gives the body its defined human shape. Lumbar as L1, L2,. Each thoracic spinal nerve is named for the vertebra above it. Sympathetic nervous system. Share. ; Osteoporotic spinal fractures are unique in that they may occur without apparent trauma. The column runs from the cranium to the apex of the coccyx, on the posterior aspect of the body. The spine is extremely flexible, so that notion makes sense. Compression fractures of the T6 vertebra can cause pain, numbness, and weakness in the upper body. Treatment for a broken neck is directed by the severity of the break: For a break that doesn’t affect the spinal cord, a simple neck brace and rest with some pain management is preferred. First, the vertebral body is absent, allowing the ring-shaped C1 to accommodate the spinal cord as it exits the foramen magnum. And because there is an additional bone fitted into the space of five vertebrae, the presence of an L6 can decrease the flexibility of the spine. The proportions of the vertebrae differ according to their spinal segment and the particular species. Let’s take a tour of the five main vertebrate groups alive today: the fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and. Shark vertebrae of different genera/species can look very similar. The cervical spine is made up of 7 vertebrae. The vertebral body is the large anterior cylindrical portion that is predominantly responsible for bearing the weight of the spine and body above it. Watch Lumbar Laminectomy Surgery Video. The cylindrical body of the vertebra is a stacking agent; in other words, the spinal column is made up of the 24 vertebrae, which are stacked one on top of the other. Instead, it comprises an anterior and posterior arch and a lateral mass. It is commonly damaged from trauma due to falls and can. Rarely, they can cause increased stress. The point at which. The basic idea is to fuse together two or more vertebrae so that they heal into a single, solid bone. But, there is no transverse foramen present in the seventh cervical vertebra of a dog. You should seek medical help if. The term 'vertebra' refers to one spinal bone. Your lumbar spine is located below your 12 chest (thoracic) vertebra and above the five fused bones that make up your triangular-shaped sacrum bone. This often happens to the front of the vertebrae but not the back, causing you to stoop forward over. You may experience symptoms such as poor. The movements occurring in this joint are mostly flexion and extension, and a minimal degree of lateral flexion. This condition occurs in the womb. Infections of the spine. The lumbar region of the spine, more commonly known as the lower back, consists of five vertebrae labeled L1 through L5. Spinal fusion, also called spondylodesis or spondylosyndesis, is a neurosurgical or orthopedic surgical technique that joins two or more vertebrae. What structure is present on the second cervical vertebra (C2 or axis) that allows you to rotate your neck to say "no"? Dens (odontoid process) What does the first cervical vertebra (C1 or atlas) lack? Spinous process. It starts at the base of your neck and ends at the bottom of your ribs. Spinal fusion is a surgical procedure in which two or more vertebrae are permanently joined into one solid bone with no space between them. The $217 million project consists of the installation of a stainless steel net, 20 feet below the sidewalk on both sides of the bridge, according to Golden Gate Bridge. This injury causes severe pain, spine instability, and sometimes nerve compression, making daily activities difficult. The inferior demifacet articulates with the rib below. A fractured spine is a medical term for breaking any of your vertebrae, the 33 bones that make up your spinal column. The bony ring that is attached to the back of the vertebral body remains largely unphased. Vertebrae in the Vertebral Column. It is part of the spinal column, which supports the top of the human… READ MOREThe C1 vertebra, also called atlas, is shaped like a ring. See examples of VERTEBRA used in a sentence. The recovery time for C5-C6-C7 neck treatments is about 4 to 6 weeks. The coccyx can be a source of pain in many people. Each vertebra is separated from the other by an. The dorsal root fibers carry sensory information from the dermatome to the brain. Kyphosis is a spinal disorder in which an excessive curve of the spine results in an abnormal rounding of the upper back. The Lumbar Spine. Among all the vertebrae, the L5 lumbar. : vertebrae) is an irregular bone with a complex structure composed of bone and some hyaline cartilage, that make up the vertebral column or spine, of vertebrates. Using x-ray guidance, a small needle containing specially formulated acrylic bone cement is injected into the collapsed vertebra. When a vertebra is injured, the most common problem is a fracture. Spinal fusion is surgery to connect two or more bones in any part of the spine. Cartilage has good regenerative capacity, while most epithelial tissues do not. The arch extends a spinous process (projection) downward and backward that may be felt as a series of bumps down the back, and two transverse processes, one to…. Bones of the face. Collarbone (Clavicle) Fractures: A Guide to Recovery After Surgery • 104 - 3551 Blanshard St. The spine has 5 lumbar vertebrae(L1-L5) supporting the body weight. A fracture is a break to any part of the vertebrae. The most comprehensive database of medicines available in China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Malaysia, Singapore,. The thoracic cage, also known as the rib cage, is the osteocartilaginous structure that encloses the thorax. It protects vital organs, provides framework, and supports soft parts of the body. The body is the anterior portion of each vertebra and is the part that supports the body weight. See examples of VERTEBRA used in a sentence. Spinal fusion is a surgical procedure that links bones in the spinal column together to treat back problems such as herniated disks, fractures, or scoliosis. Pituitary gland. and more. This robust bone can endure a. transverse process. If your muscles get fatigued, they can lose some of their ability to keep your spine in alignment. It may happen anywhere along the spine, but is most common in the lower back. The vertebral column is curved, with two primary. The lumbar cord is situated between T9 and T11 vertebrae. Spinal nerve pain from C7 may be treated with steroid injections in the epidural space, around the C7 nerve itself, or injections into the facet joint of the C6 and C7 vertebrae. The T12 vertebra is the twelfth thoracic vertebra in the spine of the human body. One of the most important things that can be done for a T12 compression fracture is to seek. The meninges. The proportions of the vertebrae differ according to their spinal segment and the particular species. The anterolateral surfaces of the vertebral bodies and IV discs are covered and connected by a strong and broad band of fibrous tissue called the anterior longitudinal ligament. The seventh cervical vertebra of a dog posses the highest spinous process of all those on the cervical vertebrae of a dog. The human spine is a complex anatomic structure that is the scaffolding for the entire body. However, you should practice self-care and physical therapy to strengthen your neck muscles and speed up recovery time. Each vertebra contains three points of articulation with ribs. Anterior components of the typical cervical vertebra 1: body. C5 Spinal Vertebra Defined. hand from the palm backward position to the palm forward postion. WebMD describes the condition and explains how it's treated. Buy, sell and discover authenticated pieces from top brands, spanning designer, vintage, streetwear and more. Vertebrae Definition. Hemangiomas appear most in people between the ages of 30 and 50. The vertebral artery delivers blood to the neck’s vertebrae, upper spinal column, the space around the outside of the skull. After that point, nerve roots exit each of the remaining. The thoracic cage protects the heart and lungs. : sacra or sacrums [1] ), in human anatomy, is a large, triangular bone at the base of the spine that forms by the fusing of the sacral vertebrae (S1–S5) between ages 18 and 30. This disease causes one of the lower vertebrae to slip forward onto the bone directly beneath it. humans and other great apes) since Nacholapithecus (a Miocene hominoid ), [1] [2] the coccyx is the remnant of a. Vertegra 24MG x 100’s tablet ( white ) Indication. Blood supply to the head. Symptomatic hemangiomas are less than 1% of all hemangiomas, and are more. It comes from the phrase “bone of the spine” from Latin. The C1, or first cervical vertebra, is commonly called the atlas due to its unique position in the spine. Any interruption in this process can result in a significant congenital abnormality in cervical vertebrae. The segment of the spine most susceptible to injury is the cervical spine based on its anatomy and flexibility. If back pain is made worse when you move, that’s also a sign that a vertebra may have been broken. Definition/Description. Something went wrong. anterior and posterior tubercle of the transverse process. There is a varying degree of slippage of the body of one vertebra relative to the adjacent vertebra, owing to ligamentous injury and the jumped facets, with, therefore, a high predisposition for injury to the spinal cord. Symptoms. Bookshelf ID: NBK448129 PMID: 28846229. B) flat bone. Treatment of T6 compression fractures typically involves rest, ice, and pain relief medication. Invertebrates don't have a backbone. 4. In humans, they are a series of 33 bonesthat run from the base of the skull to the coccyx. L5. Most of the time, non-surgical treatment can relieve the pain in your back and increase your physical functioning. Specifically, sacrococcygeal dysgenesis (defective development) is a dominant trait, while thoracic hemivertebra (chest half-vertebra) of German shorthaired pointers is a recessive trait. The transverse foramen (foramen transversarium) of the cervical vertebrae is a hole or opening in the transverse process of a cervical vertebra for the passage of the vertebral artery and vein and the sympathetic nerve plexus. The characteristic features in a typical vertebra are as follows: Parts of Vertebrae.